Ancient Near East
Last updated: June 1, 2010

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General Resources for the Ancient Near East; Hittites; Hurrians; Persia; Sumer

General Resources for the Ancient Near East

Imperial History of the Middle East--90 second overview of the successions of powers in the Mid-East for the last 4,000 to 5,000 years.  Also shows how successive religions developed.
 

  ABZU.  Now associated with Etana.  The best guide to the Ancient Near East prepared by the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.  Links to authors, institutions, museums, libraries.  Regional indexes (Turkey, Egypt, Mesopotamia)  What's New Archive.    List of Entries organized in the order in which they entered the database.
Abzu search engine.
ABZU:  Recent additions.
Ancient Mesopotamia:  This History, Our Hisotry.  Developed by the University of Chicago in collaboration with Chicago Public School teachers.
Ancient Near East and Classic Studies  Database and search engine.  Bar Ilan University
Ancient Near East--Exploring Ancient World Cultures.  University of Evansville.
Ancient Near East Myth and History  Developed by Gary Greenberg, author of The Moses Mystery:  African Origins of the Jewish People.
Ancient Near East dot Com.  Near Eastern history, language, and culture
Ancient Near East Net  A wonderful portal, but in very early stages of development.  Good links to museums.
Ancient Near Eastern Art Introduction Prepared by the Metropolitan Museum of Art
Ancient Near Eastern Links of William C. Poe  Good place to begin searching on the web.
Ancient Near Eastern Religion and Cultures.  Course by James Watts of Syracuse University
Ancient Near Eastern Thought and the Old Testament:  Introducing the Conceptual World of the Hebrew Bible.  By John Walton.  Review by Alan Lenzi in Review of Biblical Literature.
Ancient Texts for the Study of the Hebrew Bible:  A Guide to the Background Literature.  By Kenton L. Sparks.  Review by Mark S. Smith in Journal of Hebrew Scriptures.
Ancient World Online--Lists dozens of volumes now available from the Oriental Institute, including the Chicago Assyrian Dictionary.
Ancient World--Selected by K. C. Hanson  All sorts of good references; will lead you on and on
Ancient World Web  More than one thousand sites broken down into convenient categories:  Archaeology, Art, Language and Literature, Mythology, Science, etc.
Ancient Writing Systems in the Mediterranean Basin--Electronic resources
Argos Search of Ancient and Medieval Internet Sites  This is a search engine for ancient history.  Subject to peer review.
Art and Architecture of the Ancient Near East.
Bibliography of Comparative Semitic Linguistics.  Compiled by Gregorio del Olmo Lete.

Center for Mid Eastern Studies at the University of Texas
Civilizations in the Eastern Mediterranean in the Second Millennium BCE  Austrian Academy of Science.  
Cleopatra--a Multimedia Guide to the Ancient World  Developed by the Art Institute of Chicago
Comparative chart of documents included in ANET and COS. (Context of Scripture)
Current Issues and the Study of the Ancient Near East. By Gonzalo Rubio, Steven Garfinkle, Gary Beckman, Daniel Snell. Edited by Mark Chavalas. Review by Aren Maeir in Review of Biblical Literature.
Department of Ancient Studies at the University of Stellenbosch
Diotima:  Women and Gender in the Ancient World.  One of the best guides to the role of women in antiquity.
Etana. Electronic Tools and Ancient Near Eastern Culture. Classic scholarship on the ANE (135 scanned in sources). Links to archeological sites and searchable secondary literature.
From an Antique Land: An Introduction to Ancient Near Eastern Literature. Edited by Carl S. Ehrlich. Review by Aren Maeir in Review of Biblical Literature
History of the Ancient Near East.  Electronic Compendium.
Iconography of Deities and Demons in the Ancient Near East.  Emphasis on first millennium Palestine/Israel
 Internet Ancient History Sourcebook  Very rich site from Fordham University; links to many ANE countries.
Index to Context of Scripture and Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old TestamentBy Kevin P. Edgecomb.
Internet Resources on Mesopotamia.    Washington State University
Jacobsen remembers the 30s at the Oriental Institute and Excavating in Mesopotamia.  A nostalgic piece by Thorkild Jacobsen, one of my favorite professors.
Links2Go  Resources on the Ancient Near East  The developers have scoured the Internet to find the best sites.
Mnemotrix Archaeo Search  Database for Ancient Near East and Classical Studies
National Geographic Articles on ANE, from 1903-2004
Near East--Ancient Classical History  Many links to all kinds of resources about Israel's neighbors.
Near Eastern Archaeology.  Also Encyclopedia of Near Eastern Archaeology
Netherlands Institute for the Near East  NINO, in Leiden.
Okeanos  Website for classical, biblical, and Ancient Near Eastern Studies. Links to scholarly periodicals and excavations.
On Evaluating Claims of Literary Borrowing.  By Jeffrey H. Tigay.  University of Pennsylvania.
Oriental Institute Electronic Publications
People in the Ancient World  
Perseus Project  This fantastic site deals mostly with ancient Greece and Rome.  But there is info here relevant to the Ancient Near East as well.
Resources for Ancient Near Eastern Studies  Edited by Marco Bonechi.  So far Third Millennium only
Rutgers University--Virtual Religion Index  A collection of general resources and language tools for the student of the Ancient Near East.  Sections on Anatolia, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia, Syria, Palestine.
Synchronization of Civilizations in the Second Millennium BCE.  Austrian Science Fund.
University of Michigan Links to the Ancient Near East  Wonderful resource!
Virtual Religion Index--Ancient Near East--Rutgers University

Egypt 

Click on "Egypt" to go to a list of web sites.

Hittites  

Last updated:  October 23, 2009

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All about the Hittites
Boghazkoy-Hattusha Excavations.
Catalog of Hittite Texts
Chicago Hittite Dictionary Project Language used from ca 1650-1180 BCE
The Code of the Nesilim--a law code of the Hittites 1650-1500 BCE.
History of the Hittites
Hittite Dictionary from the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago
Hittite Home Page  University of Alberta
Hittite Home Page  Resources for Hittite Studies from Emory University
Hittite Hurrian Mythology  Paragraphs on individual deities.
Hittite Hurrian Mythology FAQ
Hittite King List.  Lists of kings and their probable dates.
Hittite Literature in Translation.  So far four texts.
Hittite Portal--Mainz.  Links to many sites, but references are in German
Hittite Writing System--Signs
Hittites  A web site devoted to the history and culture of the Hittites.  Edited by Ellie Crystal
Hittites:  A History of the Hittites by Robert A. Guisepi
The Hittites and their World. By Billie Jean Collins. Reviews by Willemijn Waal  and Dirk Paul Mielke in Review of Biblical Literature.
The Hittites by Robert A Guisepi
K. C. Hanson's Chronology of Hittite Kings
Staatsverträge der Hethiter. List of state treaties of the Hittites (in German)
Treaty between Mursilis and Duppi-Tessub of Amurru

 

 

 

Hurrians

Hurrian Empire of Mitanni. 1500-1365
Hurrian and Mitanni Kingdoms.  
Nuzi and the Hurrians  From the Semitic Museum at Harvard
Urkesh.  A report on the discovery of this Hurrian city by Tiffany McElroy

 

Persia in Biblical Times

Achemenet.  Sponsored by Pierre Briant
Achaemenid Royal Inscriptions from the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago
Achaemenid Web Site  The Achaemenid Dynasty ruled Persia during the time they ruled Israel as a colony, from 539 BCE to 332 BCE, the coming of Alexander the Great.  Many resources, but in French.
Aeschylus, Persians.  Perseus website.  Another edition of The Persians.
Ancient Iran--Persepolis--Persia
Ancient Ozbaki site.  Neolithic to Iron Age on Iranian Central Plateau
Ancient Persia from Earth's Ancient History
  British Institute of Persian Studies
Characterization of Cyrus the Great in Greek Sources
Cyrus Cylinder and Ezra 1
Cyrus the Great Website
From Cyrus to Alexander:  A History of the Persian Empire.  By Pierre Briant.  Review by Lester L. Grabbe in RBL 5/2003.
Internet History Sourcebooks.  Paul Hallsall of Fordham University
Iranian Cultural Heritage  Sponsored by Cultural Heritage Foundation in Iran
New Trends in Achaemenid History Noruz Lecture 2001.  By Pierre Briant
Parthian empire  The Parthians defeated Alexander the Great's successors, the Seleucids, conquered most of the Middle East and southwest Asia, and built Parthia into an Eastern superpower (247 BCE to 228 CE).   The Euphrates was the boundary between the Roman and Parthian empires.  Web site of the month, July, 2001.
Persepolis:  a virtual reconstruction.   Wonderful movies of the Apadama. 
Persepolis and Persepolis and Persepolis
Persepolis and Ancient Iran.  Web site sponsored by the Oriental Institute
Persepolis Exhibit.  Detroit Institute of Art
Perseus Project--Resources for the Classical World
Persia.  Links to royal persons and toponyms.  Lots of pictures too.
Persia's Antique Splendor--Exhibit at Bochum Germany
Royal Inscriptions from Persepolis in Electronic Form.
Sculptures and Inscription of Darius the Great on the Rock of Behistun in Persia.

 

Sumer

Ancient Sumer.  From Earth's Ancient History
The Birth of Kingship:  From Democracy to Monarchy in Sumer.  By Jacob Klein
Chronology of Ancient Mesopotamian History
Duranki:  The Myths of Sumer
Early Mesopotamia--Sumerian Art
Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature.  Oxford.  400 literary works
Enki and Ninmah
Enki and the World Order
Enki builds the E-Engurra
Eridu Genesis
Eridu Genesis
Ereshkigal
Gudea of Lagash.  2141-22 BCE.
How Grain Came to Sumer.  The Electronic Corpus of Ancient Sumer
Inana's Descent to the Nether World
Kings of Sumer and Akkad  Starts out with Egyptian King Lists, but if you page down there is a wonderful section on Sumer and Akkad.
Myth of Etana
Pennsylvania Online Sumerian Dictionary. 
Sumerian  History, culture, religion
Sumerian Art.  Maintained by Nick Cahill
Sumerian Grammar.  By Dietz Otto Edzard.  Review by John Gee in Review of Biblical Literature
Sumerian Home  Offers free monthly lexicon of cuneiform languages
Sumerian Kinglist
Sumerian Literary Compositions  University of Alberta
Sumerian Lexicon: A Dictionary Guide to the Ancient Sumerian Language. By John Alan Halloran. Review by John Engle in Review of Biblical Literature.
Sumerian Mythology FAQ.  By Christopher Siren
Ziggurat of Un-Nammu.

 

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Send additions/corrections to rklein@lstc.edu