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Enuma Elish: "When on High . . ."
The Mesopotamian/Babylonian Creation=20 Myth

Dennis Bratcher

 The Enuma Elish is a Babylonian or Mesopotamian = myth of=20 creation recounting the struggle between cosmic order and chaos. = It is=20 basically a myth of the cycle of seasons. It is named after its = opening=20 words and was recited on the fourth day of the ancient Babylonian = New=20 Year's festival. The basic story exists in various forms in the = area. This=20 version is written in Akkadian, an old Babylonian dialect, and = stars=20 Marduk, the patron deity of the city of Babylon. A similar earlier = version=20 in ancient Sumerian has Anu, Enil and Ninurta as the heroes, = suggesting=20 that this version was adapted to justify the religious practices = in the=20 cult of Marduk in Babylon.

This version was written sometime in the 12th century BC in = cuneiform=20 on seven clay tablets. They were found in the middle 19th century = in the=20 ruins of the palace of Ashurbanipal in Nineveh. George Smith first = published these texts in 1876 as The Chaldean Genesis. = Because of=20 many parallels with the Genesis account, some historians concluded = that=20 the Genesis account was simply a rewriting of the Babylonian = story. As a=20 reaction, many who wanted to maintain the uniqueness of the Bible = argued=20 either that there were no real parallels between the accounts or = that the=20 Genesis narratives were written first and the Babylonian myth = borrowed=20 from the biblical account.

However, there are simply too many similarities between the = accounts to=20 deny any relationship between the accounts. There are significant=20 differences as well that should not be ignored. Yet there is = little doubt=20 that the Sumerian versions of the story predate the biblical = account by=20 several hundred years. Rather than opting for either extreme of = complete=20 dependence or no contact whatever, it is best to see the Genesis=20 narratives as freely using the metaphors and symbolism drawn from = a common=20 cultural pool to assert their own theology about God (see Speaking the = Language of=20 Canaan).

The version presented here is a combination of several = translations but=20 is substantially based on the translation of E. A. Speiser in = Ancient=20 Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament, 3rd edition, = edited=20 by James Pritchard (Princeton, 1969), with modifications based on = various=20 other translations (for example, the translation of L.W. King, = The=20 Seven Tablets of Creation, London 1902). The translation of = these=20 texts is not exact. In some cases, badly damaged tablets make = reading the=20 text difficult. Some translators leave the gaps, while others = attempt to=20 reconstruct the text based on what remains. In other cases, there = are=20 differing interpretations of the meaning of words or the reading = of the=20 cuneiform itself. Many translations of the tablets try to capture = the=20 sense of the text rather than a literal translation. That is the = approach=20 taken here. In this version, many of the names of the gods are = left=20 untranslated.

Tablet I

The stage is set for the story. The = various gods=20 represent aspects of the physical world. Apsu is the god of fresh = water=20 and thus male fertility. Tiamat, wife of Apsu, is the goddess of = the sea=20 and thus chaos and threat. Tiamat gives birth to Anshar and = Kishar, gods=20 who represented the boundary between the earth and sky (the = horizon). To=20 Anshar and Kishar is born Anu, god of sky, who in turn bears Ea. = These=20 "sons of the gods" make so much commotion and are so ill-behaved = that Apsu=20 decides to destroy them. When Ea learns of the plan, he kills Apsu = and=20 with his wife Damkina establishes their dwelling above his body. = Damkina=20 then gives birth to Marduk, the god of spring symbolized both by = the light=20 of the sun and the lightning in storm and rain. He was also the = patron god=20 of the city of Babylon. Meanwhile Tiamat is enraged at the murder = of her=20 husband Apsu, and vows revenge. She creates eleven monsters to = help her=20 carry out her vengeance. Tiamat takes a new husband, Kingu, in = place of=20 the slain Apsu and puts him in charge of her newly assembled = army.

When on high the heaven had not been named,
Firm ground = below had=20 not been called by name,
When primordial Apsu, their = begetter,
And=20 Mummu-Tiamat, she who bore them all,
Their waters mingled as a = single=20 body,
No reed hut had sprung forth, no marshland had = appeared,
None=20 of the gods had been brought into being,
And none bore a name, = and no=20 destinies determined--
Then it was that the gods were formed in = the=20 midst of heaven.
Lahmu and Lahamu were brought forth, by name = they were=20 called. (10)

Before they had grown in age and stature,
Anshar and Kishar = were=20 formed, surpassing the others.
Long were the days, then there = came=20 forth.....
Anu was their heir, of his fathers the = rival;
Yes,=20 Anshar's first-born, Anu, was his equal.
Anu begot in his image = Nudimmud.
This Nudimmud was of his fathers the master;
Of = broad=20 wisdom, understanding, mighty in strength,
Mightier by far than = his=20 grandfather, Anshar.
He had no rival among the gods, his = brothers.=20 (20)

Thus were established and were... the great gods.
They = disturbed=20 Tiamat as they surged back and forth,
Yes, they troubled the = mood of=20 Tiamat
By their hilarity in the Abode of Heaven.
Apsu could = not=20 lessen their clamor
And Tiamat was speechless at their = ways.
Their=20 doings were loathsome unto . . . .
Thier way was evil; they = were=20 overbearing.
Then Apsu, the begetter of the great = gods,
Cried out,=20 addressing Mummu, his minister: (30)

"O Mummu, my vizier, who rejoices my spirit,
Come here and = let us go=20 to Tiamat!"
They went and sat down before Tiamat,
Exchanging = counsel=20 about the gods, their first-born.
Apsu, opening his = mouth,
Said to=20 resplendent Tiamat:
"Their ways are truly loathsome to = me.
By day I=20 find no relief, nor repose by night.
I will destroy, I will = wreck their=20 ways,
That quiet may be restored. Let us have rest!" (40)

As soon as Tiamat heard this,
She was furious and called out = to her=20 husband.
She cried out aggrieved, as she raged all = alone,
She=20 uttered a curse, and unto Apsu she spoke:
"What? Should we = destroy that=20 which we have built?
Their ways indeed are most troublesome, = but let us=20 attend kindly!"
Then Mummu answered, giving counsel to=20 Apsu;
Ill-wishing and ungracious was Mummu's advice:
"Do = destroy, my=20 father, the mutinous ways.
Then you will have relief by day and = rest by=20 night!" (50)

When Apsu heard this, his face grew radiant
Because of the = evil he=20 planned against the gods, his sons.
As for Mummu, he embraced = him by=20 the neck
As that one sat down on his knees to kiss him.
Now = whatever=20 they had plotted between them,
Was repeated unto the gods, = their=20 first-born.
When the gods heard this, they were astir,
Then = lapsed=20 into silence and remained speechless.
Surpassing in wisdom,=20 accomplished, resourceful,
Ea, the all-wise, saw through their = scheme.=20 (60)

A master design against it he devised and set up,
Made = artful his=20 spell against it, surpassing and holy.
He recited it and made = it=20 subsist in the deep,
As he poured sleep upon him. Sound asleep = he=20 lay.
When he had made Apsu prone, drenched with = sleep,
Mummu, the=20 adviser, was powerless to stir.
He loosened his band, tore off = his=20 tiara,
Removed his halo and put it on himself.
Having = fettered Apsu,=20 he slew him.
Mummu he bound and left behind lock. (70)

Having thus established his dwelling upon Apsu,
He laid hold = of=20 Mummu, holding him by the nose-rope.
After Ea had vanquished = and=20 trodden down his foes,
Had secured his triumph over his = enemies,
In=20 his sacred chamber in profound peace had rested,
He named it = "Apsu,"=20 for shrines he assigned it.
In that same place his cult hut he=20 founded.
Ea and Damkina, his wife, dwelled there in = splendor.

[The Birth of Marduk]
In = the=20 chamber of fates, the abode of destinies,
A god was engendered, = most=20 able and wisest of gods. (80)

In the heart of Apsu was Marduk created,
In the heart of = holy Apsu=20 was Marduk created.
He who begot him was Ea, his father;
She = who=20 bore him was Damkina, his mother.
The breast of goddesses he = did=20 suck.
The nurse that nursed him filled him with=20 awesomeness.
Alluring was his figure, sparkling the lift of his = eyes.
Lordly was his gait, commanding from of old.
When Ea = saw him,=20 the father who begot him,
He exulted and glowed, his heart = filled with=20 gladness. (90)

He rendered him perfect and endowed him with a double=20 godhead.
Greatly exalted was he above them, exceeding=20 throughout.
Perfect were his members beyond = comprehension,
Unsuited=20 for understanding, difficult to perceive.
Four were his eyes, = four were=20 his ears;
When he moved his lips, fire blazed forth.
Large = were all=20 four hearing organs,
And the eyes, in like number, scanned all=20 things.
He was the loftiest of the gods, surpassing was his=20 stature;
His members were enormous, he was exceeding tall. = (100)

"My little son, my little son!"
My son, the Sun! Sun of the=20 heavens!"
Clothed with the halo of ten gods, he was strong to = the=20 utmost,
As their awesome flashes were heaped upon him.
Anu = brought=20 forth and begot the fourfold wind
Consigning to its power the = leader of=20 the host.
He fashioned . . . , stationed the whirlwind,
He = produced=20 streams to disturb Tiamat.
The gods, given no rest, suffer in = the=20 storm.
Their hearts having plotted evil, (110)

To Tiamat, their mother, said:
"When they slew Apsu, your=20 consort,
You did not aid him but remained still.
When he = created the=20 dread fourfold wind,
Your vitals were diluted and so we can = have no=20 rest.
Let Apsu, your consort, be in your mind
And Mummu, who = has=20 been vanquished! You are left alone!
. . . you pace about=20 distraught,
. . . without cease. You do not love us!
. . . = our eyes=20 are pinched, (120)

. . . without cease. Let us have rest!
. . . to battle. = Avenge=20 them!
. . . and render them as the wind!"
When Tiamat heard = these=20 words, she was pleased:
" . . . you have given. Let us make=20 monsters,
. . . and the gods in the midst . . . .
. . . let = us do=20 battle and against the gods . . . !"
They banded themselves = together=20 and marched at the side of Tiamat.
Enraged, they plot without = cease=20 night and day,
They are set for combat, growling, raging, = (130)

They form a council to prepare for the fight.
Mother Hubur, = she who=20 fashions all things,
Added matchless weapons, bore=20 monster-serpents,
Sharp of tooth, unsparing of fang.
With = venom for=20 blood she has filled their bodies.
Roaring dragons she has = clothed with=20 terror,
Has crowned them with haloes, making them like = gods,
Whoever=20 beheld them, terror overcame him,
And that, with their bodies = reared=20 up, none might turn them back.
She set up the Viper, the = Dragon, and=20 the monster Lahamu, (140)

The Great-Lion, the Mad-Dog, and the Scorpion-Man,
Mighty=20 lion-demons, the Dragon-Fly, the Centaur--
Bearing weapons that = do not=20 spare, fearless in battle.
Her decrees were firm, they were = beyond=20 resisting.
All together eleven of this kind she brought = forth.
From=20 among the gods, her first-born, who formed her Assembly,
She = elevated=20 Kingu, made him chief among them.
The leading of the ranks, = command of=20 the Assembly,
The raising of weapons for the encounter, = advancing to=20 combat,
To direct the battle, to control the fight, (150)

These she entrusted to his hand as she seated him in the = Council:
"I=20 have cast for you the spell, exalting you in the Assembly of the=20 gods.
To counsel all the gods I have given you full = power.
Truly,=20 you are supreme, you are my only consort!
Your utterance shall = prevail=20 over all the Anunnaki!"
She gave him the Tablet of Destinies, = fastened=20 on his breast:
"As for you, your command shall be unchangeable, = your=20 word shall endure!"
As soon as Kingu was elevated, possessed of = the=20 rank of Anu,
they decreed the fate for the gods, his = sons:
"Your=20 word shall make the first subside, (160)

Shall humble the `Power-Weapon,' so potent in its sweep!"

Tablet II

Tiamat represents the forces of disorder = and chaos=20 in the world. In the cycle of seasons, Tiamat is winter and = barrenness. In=20 the second tablet, to avenge the murder of her husband Tiamat = prepares to=20 unleash on the other gods the destructive forces that she has = assembled.=20 Ea learns of her plan and attempts to confront Tiamat. While the = tablet is=20 damaged, it is apparent that Ea fails to stop Tiamat. Then Anu = attempts to=20 challenge her but fails as well. The gods become afraid that no = one will=20 be able to stop Taimat=92s vengeful rampage.

When Tiamat had thus lent import to her handiwork,
She = prepared for=20 battle against the gods, her offspring.
To avenge Apsu, Tiamat = planned=20 evil.
That she was girding for battle was divulged to Ea.
As = soon as=20 Ea heard of this matter,
He lapsed into dark silence and sat=20 still.
The days went by, and his anger subsided,
He went to = Anshar,=20 his fore father.
When he came before his grandfather, = Anshar,
He=20 repeated all that Tiamat had plotted to him: (10)

"My father, Tiamat, she who bore us, detests us.
She has set = up the=20 Assembly and is furious with rage.
All the gods have rallied to = her;
Even those whom you brought forth march at her = side.
They=20 throng and march at the side of Tiamat,
Enraged, they plot = without=20 cease night and day.
They are set for combat, growling, = raging,
They=20 have formed a council to prepare for the fight.
Mother Hubur, = she who=20 fashions all things,
Has added matchless weapons, has born=20 monster-serpents, (20)

Sharp of tooth, unsparing of fang.
With venom for blood she = has=20 filled their bodies.
Roaring dragons she has clothed with=20 terror,
Has crowned them with haloes, making them like = gods,
So that=20 he who beholds them is overcome by terror,
Their bodies rear up = and=20 none can withstand their attack.
She has set up the Viper, the = Dragon,=20 and the Sphinx,
The Great-Lion, the Mad-Dog, and the=20 Scorpion-Man,
Mighty lion-demons, the Dragon-Fly, the=20 Centaur--
Bearing weapons that spare not, fearless in battle. = (30)

Her decrees are firm, they are beyond resisting.
All = together eleven=20 of this kind she has brought forth.
From among the gods, her=20 first-born, who formed her Assembly,
She has elevated Kingu, = has made=20 him chief among them.
The leading of the ranks, command of the=20 Assembly,
The raising of weapons for the encounter, advancing = to=20 combat,
To direct the battle, to control the fight,
She = entrusted=20 these to his hands as she seated him in the Council:
=91I have = cast the=20 spell for you, exalting you in the Assembly of the gods.
To = counsel all=20 the gods I have given you full power. (40)

Truly, you are supreme, you are my only consort!
Your = utterance=20 shall prevail over all the Anunnaki!=92
She has given him the = Tablet of=20 Destinies, fastened on his breast:
=91As for you, your command = shall be=20 unchangeable, your word shall endure!=92
As soon as Kingu was = elevated,=20 possessed of the rank of Anu,
They decreed the fate for the = gods, her=20 sons:
=91Your word shall make the fire subside,
Shall humble = the=20 "Power-Weapon," so potent in its sweep!=92
When Anshar heard = that Tiamat=20 was sorely troubled,
He struck his loins and bit his lips. = (50)

[The following lines are corrupted because = the=20 tablet is damaged here; there are various proposals for how to = reconstruct=20 them]

His heart was gloomy, his mood restless.
He covered his = mouth to=20 stifle his outcry:
. . . battle.
. . .you . . .
Lo, you = killed=20 Mummu and Apsu.
Now, kill Kingu, who marches before her.
. . = .=20 wisdom."
Nudimmud, the. . . of the gods, . . . .

[A break in the tablet loses about 12 = lines=20 here.]

He addressed a word to Anu, his son:
" . . . mighty = hero,
Whose=20 strength is outstanding, his onslaught cannot be withstood.
Go = and=20 stand before Tiamat,
That her mood be calmed, that her heart = may be=20 merciful.
If she will not listen to your word,
Then tell her = our=20 word, that she might be calmed."
When he heard the command of = his=20 father, Anshar,
He made straight for her way, following the = road to=20 her. (80)

But when Anu was near enough to see the plan of Tiamat,
He = was not=20 able to face her and he turned back.
[He came=20 abjectly to his father,] Anshar.
. . . he addressed = him:

[The following 20 lines are badly damaged; = there are=20 various reconstructions of this section]

"My hand suffices not for me to subdue=20 you."
Anshar was speechless as he stared at the ground,
Hair = on=20 edge, shaking his head at Ea.
All the Anunnaki gathered at that = place;
Their lips closed tight, they sat in silence.
"No = god," they=20 thought "can go to battle and, (90)

Facing Tiamat, escape with his=20 life."
. . .Anshar . . .
. . .he said to . . .
. . = .an=20 avenger . . .
. . .the hero!"
. . .in his place of = seclusion.
. .=20 .he spoke to him:
. . .your father,
For you are my son who = comforts=20 his heart.
When facing Anshar, approach as though in combat; = (100)

Stand up as you speak; seeing you, he will grow = restful."
The lord=20 rejoiced at the word of his father;
He approached and stood = before=20 Anshar.
When Anshar saw him, his heart filled with joy.
He = kissed=20 his lips and his fear departed from him
"Anshar, be not muted; = open=20 wide thy lips.
I will go and attain thy heart's = desire.
Anshar, be=20 not muted; open wide your lips.
I will go and attain your = heart's=20 desire!
What male is it who has pressed his fight against you?=20 (110)

. . .Tiamat, a woman, that flies at you with weapons!
. . . = be glad=20 and rejoice;
You shall soon tread upon the neck of Tiamat!
. = . . be=20 glad and rejoice;
You shall soon tread upon the neck of = Tiamat!"
"My=20 son, you who knows all wisdom,
Calm Tiamat with your holy = spell.
On=20 the storm-chariot proceed with all speed.
For your blood shall = not be=20 spilled; you will return again."
The lord rejoiced at the word = of his=20 father. (120)

His heart exulting, he said to his father:
"Creator of the = gods,=20 destiny of the great gods,
If I indeed, as your = avenger,
Conquer=20 Tiamat and give you life,
Set up the Assembly, proclaim my = destiny to=20 be supreme!
When jointly in Ubshukinna you have sat down=20 rejoicing,
Let my word, instead of you, determine the = fates.
What I=20 may bring into being shall be unalterable;
The command of my = lips shall=20 be neither recalled nor changed."

Tablet III

Anshar=92s minister Gaga is dispatched to = the other=20 gods to report the activities of Tiamat and to tell them of = Marduk=92s=20 willingness to face her. Much of this tablet is poetic repetition = of=20 previous conversations.

Anshar opened his mouth and
Addressed a word to Gaga, his=20 minister:
"O Gaga, my vizier, who gladdens my spirit,
I will = dispatch you to Lahmu and Lahamu.
. . . you are adept;
. . . = produce=20 you before me!
. . . let all the gods,
Let them hold = converse, sit=20 down to a banquet,
Let them eat bread, let them mix = wine,
For=20 Marduk, their avenger, let them fix the decrees. (10)

Be on your way, Gaga, take the stand before them,
And that = which I=20 shall tell you repeat to them:
=91Anshar, your son, has sent me = here,
Charging me to give voice to the dictates of his = heart,
He=20 says that Tiamat, she who bore us, detests us.
She has set up = the=20 Assembly and is furious with rage.
All the gods have rallied to = her;
Even those whom you brought forth march at her = side.
They=20 throng and march at the side of Tiamat.
Enraged, they plot = without=20 cease night and day. (20)

They are set for combat, growling, raging,
They have formed = a=20 council to prepare for the fight.
Mother Hubur, she who = fashions all=20 things,
Has added matchless weapons, has born=20 monster-serpents,
Sharp of tooth, unsparing of fang.
With = venom for=20 blood she has filled their bodies.
Roaring dragons she has = clothed with=20 terror,
Has crowned them with haloes, making them like = gods,
So that=20 he who beholds them is overcome by terror,
Their bodies rear up = and=20 none can withstand their attack. (30)

She has set up the Viper, the Dragon, and the monster = Lahamu,
The=20 Great-Lion, the Mad-Dog, and the Scorpion-Man,
Mighty = lion-demons, the=20 Dragon-Fly, the Centaur--
Bearing weapons that spare not, = fearless in=20 battle.
Her decrees are firm, none can. resist them;
After = this=20 fashion eleven of this kind she has brought forth.
From among = the gods,=20 her first-born, who formed her Assembly,
She has elevated = Kingu, has=20 made him chief among them.
The leading of the ranks, command of = the=20 Assembly,
The raising of weapons for the encounter, advancing = to=20 combat, (40)

To direct the battle, to control the fight,
These to his = hands she=20 entrusted as she seated him in the Council:
"I have cast the = spell for=20 you, exalting you in the Assembly of the gods.
To counsel all = the gods=20 I have given you full power.
truly, you are supreme, you are my = only=20 consort!
Your utterance shall prevail over all the = Anunnaki!"
She=20 has given him the Tablet of Destinies, fastened on his = breast:
"As for=20 you, your command shall be unchangeable, your word shall = endure!"
As=20 soon as Kingu was elevated, possessed of the rank of Anu,
For = the gods,=20 her sons, they decreed the fate: (50)

"Your word shall make the fire subside,
Shall humble the=20 "Power-Weapon," so potent in its sweep!"
I sent forth Anu; he = could not=20 face her.
Nudimmud was afraid and turned back.
But Marduk = came=20 forth, the wisest of gods, your son,
His heart having prompted = him to=20 set out to face Tiamat.
He opened his mouth, saying unto = me:
"If I=20 indeed, as your avenger,
Am to vanquish Tiamat and save your=20 lives,
Set up the Assembly, proclaim supreme my destiny! = (60)

When jointly in Ubshukinna you have sat down rejoicing,
Let = my word,=20 instead of you, determine the fates.
Unalterable shall be what = I may=20 bring into being;
Neither recalled nor changed shall be the = command of=20 my lips!"
Now hasten here and promptly fix for him your=20 decrees,
That he may go forth to face your mighty = foe!=92"
Gaga=20 departed, proceeding on his way.
Before Lahmu and Lahamu, the = gods, his=20 fathers,
He made obeisance, kissing the ground at their = feet.
He=20 bowed low as he took his place to address them: (70)

"It was Anshar, your son, who has sent me here,
Charging me = to give=20 voice to the dictates of his heart,
He sya that Tiamat, she who = bore=20 us, detests us.
She has set up the Assembly and is furious with = rage.
All the gods have rallied to her,
Even those whom you = brought=20 forth march at her side.
They re banded together and march at = the side=20 of Tiamat.
Enraged, they plot without cease night and = day.
They are=20 set for combat, growling, raging,
They have formed a council to = prepare=20 for the fight. (80)

Mother Hubur, she who fashions all things,
Has added = matchless=20 weapons, has born monster-serpents,
Sharp of tooth, unsparing = of=20 fang.
With venom for blood she has filled their = bodies,
Roaring=20 dragons she has clothed with terror,
Has crowned them with = haloes,=20 making them like gods,
So that he who beholds them terror = overcomes=20 him,
Their bodies rear up and none can withstand their = attack.
She=20 has set up vipers, dragons, and the monster = Lahamu,
Great-lions,=20 mad-dogs, and scorpion-men, (90)

Mighty lion-demons, dragon-flies, and centaurs--
Bearing = weapons=20 that spare not, fearless in battle.
Firm are decrees, past = withstanding=20 are they.
After this fashion eleven of this kind she has = brought=20 forth.
From among the gods, her first-born, who formed her=20 Assembly,
She has elevated Kingu, has made him chief among = them.
The=20 leading of the ranks, command of the Assembly,
The raising of = weapons=20 for the encounter, advancing to combat,
To direct the battle, = to=20 control the fight,
These to his hands she has entrusted as she = seated=20 him in the Council: (100)

"I have cast the spell for you, exalting you in the Assembly of = the=20 gods.
To counsel all the gods I have given you full = power.
Truly,=20 you are supreme, you are my only consort!
Your utterance shall = prevail=20 over all the Anunnaki!"
She has given him the Tablet of = Destinies,=20 fastened on his breast:
"As for you, your command shall be=20 unchangeable, your word shall endure!"
As soon as Kingu was = elevated,=20 possessed of the rank of Anu,
For the gods, her sons, they = decreed the=20 fate:
"Your word shall make the fire subside,
Shall humble = the=20 "Power-Weapon," so potent in its sweep!"(110)

I sent forth Anu; he could not face her.
Nudimmud was afraid = and=20 turned back.
But Marduk came forth, the wisest of gods, your=20 son,
His heart having prompted him to set out to face = Tiamat.
He=20 opened his mouth, saying unto me:
"If I indeed, as your = avenger,
Am=20 to vanquish Tiamat and save your lives,
Set up the Assembly, = proclaim=20 supreme my destiny!
When in Ubshukinna jointly you sit down=20 rejoicing,
Let my word, instead of you, determine the fates. = (120)

Unalterable shall be what I may bring into being;
Neither = recalled=20 nor changed shall be the command of my lips!"
Now hasten here = and=20 promptly fix for him your decrees,
That he may go forth to face = your=20 mighty foe!"
When Lahmu and Lahamu heard this, they cried out=20 aloud,
All the Igigi wailed in distress:
=91How strange that = they=20 should have made this decision!
We cannot fathom the doings of=20 Tiamat!=92
They made ready to leave on their journey,
All = the great=20 gods who decree the fates. (130)

They entered before Anshar, filling Ubshukinna.
They kissed = one=20 another in the Assembly.
They held converse as they sat down to = the=20 banquet.
They ate bread, they mixed wine.
They wetted their=20 drinking-tubes with sweet intoxicant.
As they drank the strong = drink,=20 their bodies swelled.
They became very languid as their spirits = rose.
For Marduk, their avenger, they fixed the decrees.

Tablet IV

The council of the gods tests Marduk=92s = powers by=20 having him make a garment disappear and then reappear. After = passing the=20 test, the council enthrones Marduk as high king and commissions = him to=20 fight Tiamat. With the authority and power of the council, Marduk=20 assembles his weapons, the four winds as well as the seven winds = of=20 destruction. He rides in his chariot of clouds with the weapons of = the=20 storm to confront Tiamat. After entangling her in a net, Marduk = unleashes=20 the Evil Wind to inflate Tiamat. When she is incapacitated by the = wind,=20 Marduk kills her with an arrow through her heart and takes captive = the=20 other gods and monsters who were her allies. He also captured her = husband=20 Kingu. After smashing Tiamat=92s head with a club, Marduk divided = her=20 corpse, using half to create the earth and the other half to = create the=20 sky complete with bars to keep the chaotic waters from escaping. = The=20 tablet ends with Marduk establishing dwelling places for his = allies.

They erected for him a princely throne.
Facing his fathers, = he sat=20 down, presiding.
"You are the most honored of the great = gods,
Your=20 decree is unrivaled, your command is Anu.
You, Marduk, are the = most=20 honored of the great gods,
Your decree is unrivaled, your word = is=20 Anu.
From this day your pronouncement shall be = unchangeable.
To=20 raise or bring low--these shall be in your hand.
Your utterance = shall=20 be true, your command shall be unimpeachable.
No one among the = gods=20 shall transgress your bounds! (10)

Adornment being wanted for the seats of the gods,
Let the = place of=20 their shrines ever be in your place.
O Marduk, you are indeed = our=20 avenger.
We have granted you kingship over the universe = entire.
When=20 you sit in Assembly your word shall be supreme.
Your weapons = shall not=20 fail; they shall smash your foes!
O lord, spare the life of him = who=20 trusts you,
But pour out the life of the god who seized=20 evil."
Having placed in their midst a garment,
They = addressed=20 themselves to Marduk, their first-born: (20)

"May thy fate, O lord, be supreme among the gods,
Say but to = wreck=20 or create; it shall be.
Open your mouth: the garment will=20 vanish!
Speak again, and the garment shall be whole!"
At the = word of=20 his mouth the garment vanished.
He spoke again, and the garment = was=20 restored.
When the gods, his fathers, saw the fruit of his=20 word,
Joyfully they did homage: "Marduk is king!"
They = conferred on=20 him scepter, throne, and vestment;
They gave him matchless = weapons that=20 ward off the foes: (30)

"Go and cut off the life of Tiamat.
May the winds bear her = blood to=20 places undisclosed."
Bel's destiny thus fixed, the gods, his=20 fathers,
Caused him to go the way of success and = attainment.
He=20 constructed a bow, marked it as his weapon,
Attached thereto = the arrow,=20 fixed its bow-cord.
He raised the mace, made his right hand = grasp=20 it;
Bow and quiver he hung at his side.
In front of him he = set the=20 lightning,
With a blazing flame he filled his body. (40)

He then made a net to enfold Tiamat = therein.
The=20 four winds he stationed that nothing of her might escape,
The = South=20 Wind, the North Wind, the East Wind, the West Wind.
Close to = his side=20 he held the net, the gift of his father, Anu.
He brought forth = Imhullu=20 "the Evil Wind," the Whirl-wind, the Hurricane,
The Fourfold = Wind, the=20 Sevenfold Wind, the Cyclone, the Matchless Wind;
Then he sent = forth the=20 winds he had brought forth, the seven of them.
To stir up the = inside of=20 Tiamat they rose up behind him.
Then the lord raised up the=20 flood-storm, his mighty weapon.
He mounted the storm-chariot=20 irresistible and terrifying. (50)

He harnessed and yoked to it a team-of-four,
The Killer, the = Relentless, the Trampler, the Swift.
Their lips were parted, = their=20 teeth bore poison.
They were tireless and skilled in = destruction.
On=20 his right he posted the Smiter, fearsome in battle,
On the left = the=20 Combat, which repels all the zealous.
For a cloak he was = wrapped in an=20 armor of terror;
With his fearsome halo his head was = turbaned.
The=20 lord went forth and followed his course,
Towards the raging = Tiamat he=20 set his face. (60)

In his lips he held a spell;
A plant to put out poison was = grasped=20 in his hand.
Then they milled about him, the gods milled about=20 him,
The gods, his fathers, milled about him, the gods milled = about=20 him.
The lord approached to scan the inside of Tiamat,
And = of Kingu,=20 her consort, the scheme to perceive.
As he looks on, he loses = his=20 way,
His will is distracted and his doings are confused.
And = when=20 the gods, his helpers, who marched at his side,
Saw the valiant = hero,=20 their vision became blurred. (70)

Tiamat emitted a cry, without turning her neck,
Framing = savage=20 defiance in her lips:
"You are too important for the lord of = the gods=20 to rise up against you!
Is it in their place that they have = gathered,=20 or in your place?"
Thereupon the lord, having raised the = flood-storm,=20 his mighty weapon,
To enraged Tiamat he sent word as = follows:
"Why=20 are you risen, haughtily exalted,
You have charged your own = heart to=20 stir up conflict, . . . sons reject their own fathers,
While = you, who=20 have born them, have foresworn love! (80)

You have appointed Kingu as your consort,
Conferring upon = him the=20 rank of Anu, not rightfully his.
Against Anshar, king of the = gods, you=20 seek evil;
Against the gods, my fathers, you have confirmed = your=20 wickedness.
Though your forces are drawn up, your weapons = girded=20 on,
Stand up, that I and you might meet in single = combat!"
When=20 Tiamat heard this,
She was like one possessed; she took leave = of her=20 senses.
In fury Tiamat cried out aloud.
To the roots her = legs shook=20 both together. (90)

She recites a charm, keeps casting her spell,
While the gods = of=20 battle sharpen their weapons.
Then Tiamat and Marduk joined = issue,=20 wisest of gods.
They strove in single combat, locked in = battle.
The=20 lord spread out his net to enfold her,
The Evil Wind, which = followed=20 behind, he let loose in her face.
When Tiamat opened her mouth = to=20 consume him,
He drove in the Evil Wind while as yet she had not = shut=20 her lips
As the terrible winds filled her belly,
Her body = was=20 distended and her mouth was wide open. (100)

He released the arrow, it tore her belly,
It cut through her = insides, splitting the heart.
Having thus subdued her, he = extinguished=20 her life.
He cast down her carcass to stand upon it.
After = he had=20 slain Tiamat, the leader,
Her band was shattered, her troupe = broken=20 up;
And the gods, her helpers who marched at her = side,
Trembling=20 with terror, turned their backs about,
In order to save and = preserve=20 their lives.
Tightly encircled, they could not escape. = (110)

He made them captives and he smashed their weapons.
Thrown = into the=20 net, they found themselves ensnared;
Placed in cells, they were = filled=20 with wailing;
Bearing his wrath, they were held = imprisoned.
And the=20 eleven creatures which she had charged with awe,
The whole band = of=20 demons that marched on her right,
He cast into fetters, their = hands he=20 bound.
For all their resistance, he trampled them = underfoot.
And=20 Kingu, who had been made chief among them,
He bound and = accounted him=20 to Uggae. (120)

He took from him the Tablet of Destinies, not rightfully = his,
Sealed=20 them with a seal and fastened them on his breast.
When he had=20 vanquished and subdued his adversaries,
Had . . . the = vainglorious=20 foe,
Had wholly established Anshar's triumph over the = foe,
Had=20 achieved Nudimmud's desire, valiant Marduk
Strengthened his = hold on the=20 vanquished gods,
And turned back to Tiamat whom he had = bound.
The=20 lord trod on the legs of Tiamat,
With his unsparing mace he = crushed her=20 skull. (130)

When the arteries of her blood he had severed,
The North = Wind bore=20 it to places undisclosed.
On seeing this, his fathers were = joyful and=20 jubilant,
They brought gifts of homage to him.
Then the lord = paused=20 to view her dead body,
That he might divide the form and do = artful=20 works.
He split her like a shellfish into two parts:
Half of = her he=20 set up as a covering for heaven,
Pulled down the bar and posted = guards.
He bade them to allow not her waters to escape. = (140)

He crossed the heavens and surveyed the regions.
He squared = Apsu's=20 quarter, the abode of Nudimmud,
As the lord measured the = dimensions of=20 Apsu.
The Great Abode, its likeness, he fixed as = Esharra,
The Great=20 Abode, Esharra, which he made as the firmament.
Anu, Enlil, and = Ea he=20 made occupy their places.

Tablet V

Marduk builds dwelling places for the = other gods.=20 As they take their place, they establish the days and months and = seasons=20 of the year. Since this is a myth about the natural world, the = "stations"=20 that Marduk establishes for the gods correspond to the celestial=20 luminaries that figured in Babylonian astrology. The phases = (horns) of the=20 Moon determine the cycles of the months. From the spittle of = Tiamat Marduk=20 creates rain for the earth. The city of Babylon is established as = the=20 audience room of King Marduk.

He constructed stations for the great gods,
Fixing their = astral=20 likenesses as the stars of the Zodiac.
He determined the year = and into=20 sections he divided it;
He set up three constellations for each = of the=20 twelve months.
After defining the days of the year by means of = heavenly=20 figures,
He founded the station of the pole star [Nebiru] to = determine=20 their bounds,
That none might err or go astray.
Alongside it = he set=20 up the stations of Enlil and Ea.
Having opened up the gates on = both=20 sides,
He strengthened the locks to the left and the right. = (10)

In her belly he established the zenith.
The Moon he caused = to shine,=20 entrusting the night to him.
He appointed him a creature of the = night=20 to signify the days,
And marked off every month, without cease, = by=20 means of his crown.
At the month's very start, rising over the=20 land,
You shall have luminous horns to signify six days,
On = the=20 seventh day reaching a half-crown.
So shall the fifteen-day = period be=20 like one another-two halves for each month.
When the sun = overtakes you=20 at the base of heaven,
Diminish your crown and retrogress in = light.=20 (20)

At the time of disappearance approach the course of the = sun,
And on=20 the thirtieth you shall again stand in opposition to the sun.
I = have=20 appointed a sign, follow its path,
. . . approach and give=20 judgement."

[Lines 25-44 are badly damaged and = untranslatable.=20 Apparently after Marduk created the moon he then created the sun=20 (Shamash).]

After he had appointed the days to Shamash, (45)
And had = established=20 the precincts of night and day,
Taking the spittle of = Tiamat
Marduk=20 created . . .
He formed the clouds and filled them with = water.
The=20 raising of winds, the bringing of rain and cold, (50)

Making the mist smoke, piling up . . .
These he planned = himself,=20 took into his own hand.
Putting her head into position he = formed=20 thereon the mountains,
Opening the deep which was in = flood,
He=20 caused to flow from her eyes the Euphrates and Tigris,
Stopping = her=20 nostrils he left . . . ,
He formed from her breasts the lofty=20 mountains,
Therein he drilled springs for the wells to carry = off the=20 water.
Twisting her tail he bound it to Durmah,
. . . Apsu = at his=20 foot, (60)

. . . her crotch, she was fastened to the heavens,
Thus he = covered=20 the heavens and established the earth.
. . . in the midst of = Tiamat he=20 made flow,
. . . his net he completely let out,
So he = created heaven=20 and earth . . . ,
. . . their bounds . . . established.
When = he had=20 designed his rules and fashioned his ordinances,
He founded the = shrines=20 and handed them over to Ea.
The Tablet of Destinies which he = had taken=20 from Kingu he carried,
He brought it as the first gift of = greeting, he=20 gave it to Anu. (70)

The gods who had done battle and been scattered,
He led = bound into=20 the presence of his fathers.
Now the eleven creatures which = Tiamat had=20 made . . . ,
Whose weapons he had shattered, which he had tied = to his=20 foot:
Of these he made statues and set them up at the Gate of = Apsu=20 saying:
"Let it be a token that this may never be = forgotten!"
When=20 the gods saw this they were exceedingly glad,
Lahmu, Lahamu, = and all of=20 his fathers
Crossed over to him, and Anshar, the king, made = manifest=20 his greeting,
Anu, Enlil, and Ea presented to him gifts. = (80)

With a gift Damkina, his mother, made him joyous,
She sent=20 offerings, his face brightened.
To Usmi who brought her gift to = a=20 secret place
He entrusted the chancellorship of Apsu and the=20 stewardship of the shrines.
Being assembled, all the Igigi = bowed=20 down,
While everyone of the Anunnaki kissed his feet,
. . . = their=20 assembly to do obeisance,
They stood before him, bowed and = said: "He is=20 the king!"
After the gods, his fathers, were satiated with his = charms.=20 (89)

[Lines 90-106 are too badly damaged for = translation.=20 Apparently it describes Marduk on his throne with his = weapons.]

Ea and Damkina . . . , (107)
They opened their mouths to = speak to=20 the great gods, the Igigi:
"Formerly Marduk was merely our = beloved=20 son,
Now he is your king, proclaim his title!" (110)

A second speech they made, they all spoke:
"His name shall = be=20 Lugaldimmerankia, trust in him!"
When they had given the = sovereignty to=20 Marduk,
They declared for him a formula of good fortune and=20 success:
"Henceforth you will be the patron of our=20 sanctuaries,
Whatever you command we will do."
Marduk opened = his=20 mouth to speak,
To say a word to the gods, his = fathers:
"Above the=20 Apsu where you have resided,
The counterpart of Esharra which I = have=20 built over you, (120)

Below I have hardened the ground for a building site,
I will = build a=20 house, it will be my luxurious abode.
I will found therein its=20 temple,
I will appoint its inner rooms, I will establish my=20 sovereignty.
When you come up from the Apsu for = assembly,
You will=20 spend the night in it, it is there to receive all of you.
When = you=20 descend from heaven for assembly,
You will spend the night in = it, it is=20 there to receive all of you.
I will call its name Babylon which = means=20 the houses of the great gods,
I shall build it with the skill = of=20 craftsmen." (130)

When the gods, his fathers, heard this speech of his,
They = put the=20 following question to Marduk, their firstborn:
"Over all that = your=20 hands have created,
Who will have your authority?
Over the = ground=20 which your hands have created,
Who will have your = power?
Babylon,=20 which you have given a fine name,
Therein establish our abode=20 forever!
. . . , let them bring our daily ration,
. . . our = . . . ,=20 (140)

Let no one usurp our tasks which we previously = performed,
Therein .=20 . . its labor . . .."
Marduk rejoiced when he heard this = and
He=20 answered those gods who had questioned him,
He that slew Tiamat = showed=20 them light,
He opened his mouth, his speech was noble:
" . . = . them=20 . . .,
. . . will be entrusted to you."
The gods bowed down = before=20 him, they spoke to him,
They said to Lugaldimmerankia: = (150)

"Formerly the lord was merely our beloved son,
Now he is our = king,=20 proclaim his title!
He whose pure incantation gave us = life,
He is=20 the lord of splendor, mace, and sceptre.
Ea who knows the skill = of all=20 crafts,
Let him prepare the plans, we will be the workers."

Tablet VI

Marduk decides to create human beings, = but needs=20 blood and bone from which to fashion them. Ea advises that only = one of the=20 gods should die to provide the materials for creation, the one who = was=20 guilty of plotting evil against the gods. Marduk inquires of the = assembly=20 of the gods about who incited Tiamat=92s rebellion, and was told = that it was=20 her husband Kingu. Ea kills Kingu and uses his blood to fashion = mankind so=20 they can perform menial tasks for the gods. To honor Marduk, the = gods=20 construct a house for him in Babylon. After its completion, Marduk = gives a=20 great feast for the gods in his new house who all praise Marduk = for his=20 greatness in subduing Tiamat. The first group of the fifty throne = names of=20 Marduk are recited.

When Marduk heard the words of the gods,
His heart prompted = him to=20 fashion artful works.
Opening his mouth, he addressed Ea
To = impart=20 the plan he had conceived in his heart:
"I will take blood and = fashion=20 bone.
I will establish a savage, =91man=92 shall be his = name.
truly,=20 savage-man I will create.
He shall be charged with the service = of the=20 gods
That they might be at ease!
The ways of the gods I will = artfully alter. (10)

Though alike revered, into two groups they shall be = divided."
Ea=20 answered him, speaking a word to him,
Giving him another plan = for the=20 relief of the gods:
"Let but one of their brothers be handed=20 over;
He alone shall perish that mankind may be = fashioned.
Let the=20 great gods be here in Assembly,
Let the guilty be handed over = that they=20 may endure."
Marduk summoned the great gods to = Assembly;
Presiding=20 graciously, he issued instructions.
To his utterance the gods = pay=20 heed.
The king addressed a word to the Anunnaki: (20)

"If your former statement was true,
Now declare the truth on = oath by=20 me!
Who was it that contrived the uprising,
And made Tiamat = rebel,=20 and joined battle?
Let him be handed over who contrived the=20 uprising.
His guilt I will make him bear. You shall dwell in=20 peace!"
The Igigi, the great gods, replied to him,
To=20 Lugaldimmerankia, counselor of the gods, their lord:
"It was = Kingu who=20 contrived the uprising,
And made Tiamat rebel, and joined = battle."=20 (30)

They bound him, holding him before Ea.
They imposed on him = his=20 punishment and severed his blood vessels.
Out of his blood they = fashioned mankind.
He imposed on him the service and let free = the=20 gods.
After Ea, the wise, had created mankind,
Had imposed = upon them=20 the service of the gods--
That work was beyond = comprehension;
As=20 artfully planned by Marduk, did Nudimmud create it--
Marduk, = the king=20 of the gods divided
All the great gods [Anunnaki] above and = below.=20 (40)

He assigned them to Anu to guard his instructions.
Three = hundred in=20 the heavens he stationed as a guard.
In like manner the ways of = the=20 earth he defined.
In heaven and on earth six hundred thus he=20 settled.
After he had ordered all the instructions,
To the = Anunnaki=20 of heaven and earth had allotted their portions,
The Anunnaki = opened=20 their mouths
And said to Marduk, their lord:
"Now, O lord, = you who=20 have caused our deliverance,
What shall be our homage to you? = (50)

Let us build a shrine whose name shall be called
=91Lo, a = chamber for=20 our nightly rest=92; let us repose in it!
Let us build a = throne, a recess=20 for his abode!
On the day that we arrive we shall repose in=20 it."
When Marduk heard this,
Brightly glowed his features, = like the=20 day:
"Construct Babylon, whose building you have = requested,
Let its=20 brickwork be fashioned. You shall name it `The Sanctuary.'"
The = Anunnaki applied the implement;
For one whole year they molded = bricks.=20 (60)

When the second year arrived,
They raised high the head of = Esagila=20 equaling Apsu.
Having built a stage-tower as high as = Apsu,
They set=20 up in it an abode for Marduk, Enlil, and Ea
In their presence = he was=20 seated in grandeur.
To the base of Esharra its horns look=20 down.
After they had achieved the building of Esagila,
All = the=20 Anunnaki erected their shrines.
The three hundred Igigi . . . . = . . all=20 of them gathered,
The lord being on the lofty dais which they = had built=20 as his abode, (70)

The gods, his fathers, at his banquet he seated:
"This is = Babylon,=20 the place that is your home!
Make merry in its precincts, = occupy its=20 broad places."
The great gods took their seats,
They set up = festive=20 drink, sat down to a banquet.
After they had made merry within=20 it,
In Esagila, the splendid, had performed their rites,
The = norms=20 had been fixed and all their portents,
All the gods apportioned = the=20 stations of heaven and earth.
The fifty great gods took their = seats.=20 (80)

The seven gods of destiny set up the three hundred in = heaven.
Enlil=20 raised the bow, his weapon, and laid it before them.
The gods, = his=20 fathers, saw the net he had made.
When they beheld the bow, how = skillful its shape,
His fathers praised the work he had=20 wrought.
Raising it, Anu spoke up in the Assembly of the = gods,
As he=20 kissed the bow: "This is my daughter!"
He named the names of = the bow as=20 follows:
"Longwood is the first, the second is Accurate;
Its = third=20 name is Bow-Star, in heaven I have made it shine." (90)

He fixed its position with the gods its brothers.
After Anu = had=20 decreed the fate of the bow,
And had placed the lofty royal = throne=20 before the gods,
Anu placed it in the Assembly of the = gods.
When the=20 great gods had assembled,
They extolled the destiny of Marduk, = they=20 bowed down,
They pronounced among themselves a = curse,
Swearing by=20 water and oil to place life in jeopardy.
When they had granted = him the=20 exercise of kingship of the gods,
When they had given him = dominion over=20 the gods of heaven and underworld, (100)

Anshar pronounced supreme his name, Asarluhi, saying:
"Let = us do=20 obeisance at the mention of his name,
To his utterance let the = gods=20 give heed,
Let his command be supreme above and below!
Most = exalted=20 be the Son, our avenger;
Let his sovereignty be surpassing, = having no=20 rival.
May he shepherd the black-headed ones, his = creatures.
To the=20 end of days, without forgetting, let them acclaim his ways.
May = he=20 establish for his fathers the great food-offerings; (110)

Their support they shall furnish, shall tend their = sanctuaries.
May=20 he cause incense to be smelled, . . . their spells,
Make a = likeness on=20 earth of what he has wrought in heaven.
May he order the = black-headed=20 to revere him,
May the subjects ever bear in mind to speak of = their=20 god,
And may they at his word pay heed to the goddess.
May=20 food-offerings be borne for their gods and goddesses.
Without = fail let=20 them support their gods!
Their lands let them improve, build = their=20 shrines,
Let the black-headed wait on their gods. (120)

As for us, by however many names we pronounce, he is our = god!
Let us=20 then proclaim his fifty names:
`He whose ways are glorious, = whose deeds=20 are likewise,
Marduk, as Anu, his father, called him from his=20 birth;
Who provides grazing and drinking places, enriches their = stalls,
Who with the flood-storm, his weapon, vanquished the=20 detractors,
And who the gods, his fathers, rescued from=20 distress.
Truly, the Son of the Sun, most radiant of gods is = he.
In=20 his brilliant light may they walk forever!
On the people he = brought=20 forth, endowed with life, (130)

The service of the gods he imposed that these may have=20 ease.
Creation, destruction, deliverance, grace--
Shall be = by his=20 command. They shall look up to him!
Marukka truly is the god, = creator=20 of all,
Who gladdens the heart of the Anunnaki, appeases the=20 Igigi.
Marutukku truly is the refuge of his land, city, and=20 people.
Unto him shall the people give praise = forever.
Barashakushu=20 stood up and took hold of its reins;
Wide is his heart, warm = his=20 sympathy.
Lugaldimmerankia is his name which we proclaimed in = our=20 Assembly. (140)

His commands we have exalted above the gods, his = fathers.
Truly, he=20 is lord of all the gods of heaven and underworld,
The king at = whose=20 discipline the gods above and below are in=20 mourning."
Nari-Lugaldimmerankia is the name of him
Whom we = have=20 called the monitor of the gods;
Who in heaven and on earth = founds for=20 us retreats in trouble,
And who allots stations to the Igigi = and=20 Anunnaki.
At his name the gods shall tremble and quake in=20 retreat.
Asaruludu is that name of his
Which Anu, his = father,=20 proclaimed for him.
He is truly the light of the gods, the = mighty=20 leader,
Who, as the protecting deities of god and land, = (150)

In fierce single combat saved our retreats in = distress.
Asaruludu,=20 secondly, they have named Namtillaku,
The god who maintains=20 life,
Who restored the lost gods, as though his own = creation;
The=20 lord who revives the dead gods by his pure incantation,
Who = destroys=20 the wayward foes. Let us praise his prowess!
Asaruludu, whose = name was=20 thirdly called Namru,
The shining god who illumines our = ways.
Three=20 each of his names have Anshar, Lahmu, and Lahamu = proclaimed;
Unto the=20 gods, their sons, they did utter them:

"We have proclaimed three each of his names. (160)
Like us, = do you=20 utter his names!"
Joyfully the gods heeded their command,
As = in=20 Ubshukinna they exchanged counsels:
"Of the heroic son, our=20 avenger,
Of our supporter we will exalt the name!"
They sat = down in=20 their Assembly to fashion destinies,
All of them uttering his = names in=20 the sanctuary.

Tablet VII

Continuation of praise of Marduk as chief = of=20 Babylon and head of the Babylonian pantheon because of his role in = creation. The rest of Marduk=92s fifty throne names declaring his = dominion=20 are recited. Final blessings on Marduk and instructions to the = people to=20 remember and recite Marduk=92s deeds.

Asaru [Marduk], bestower of cultivation, who established water=20 levels;
Creator of grain and herbs, who causes vegetation to=20 sprout.
Asarualim, who is honored in the place of counsel, who = excels=20 in counsel;
To whom the gods hope, not being possessed of=20 fear.
Asarualimnunna, the gracious, light of the father, his=20 begetter,
Who directs the decrees of Anu, Enlil, Ea and = Ninigiku.
He=20 is their provider who assigns their portions,
Whose horned cap = is=20 plenty, multiplying . . . .
Tutu is he, who created then = anew.
Let=20 him purify their shrines that they may have ease. (10)

Let him devise the spell that the gods may be at = rest.
Should they=20 rise in anger, let them turn back.
Truly, he is supreme in the = Assembly=20 of the gods;
No one among the gods is his equal.
Tutu is = Ziukkinna,=20 life of the host of the gods,
Who established for the gods the = holy=20 heavens;
Who keeps a hold on their ways, determines their=20 courses;
He shall not be forgotten by the beclouded. Let=20 them
Remember his deeds!
Tutu they thirdly called Ziku, who = brings=20 purification,
god of the favoring breeze, the Lord of hearing = and=20 mercy;" (20)

Who produces riches and treasures, establishes = abundance;
Who has=20 turned all our wants to plenty;
Whose favoring breeze we felt = in sore=20 distress.
Let them speak, let them exalt, let them sing his=20 praises!
Tutu, fourthly, let the people magnify as = Agaku,
The lord=20 of the holy charm, who revives the dead;
Who had mercy on the=20 vanquished gods,
Who removed the yoke imposed on the gods, his=20 enemies,
And who, to redeem them, created mankind;
The = merciful, in=20 whose power it lies to grant life. (30)

May his deeds endure, not to be forgotten
In the mouth of = the=20 black-headed, whom his hands have created.
Tutu, fifthly, is = Tuku,=20 whose holy spell their mouths shall murmur;
Who with his holy = charm has=20 uprooted all the evil ones.
Shazu, who knows the heart of the=20 gods,
Who examines the inside;
From whom the evildoer cannot = escape;
Who sets up the Assembly of the gods, gladdens their=20 hearts;
Who subdues the insubmissive; their wide-spread=20 protection;
Who directs justice, roots out crooked talk,
Who = wrong=20 and right in his place keeps apart. (40)

Shazu may they, secondly, exalt as as Zisi,
Who silences the = insurgent;
Who banishes consternation from the body of the = gods, his=20 fathers.
Shazu is, thirdly, Suhrim, who with the weapon roots = out all=20 enemies,
Who frustrates their plans, scatters them to the = winds;
Who=20 blots out all the wicked ones who tremble before him.
Let the = gods=20 exult in Assembly!
Shazu is, fourthly, Suhgurim, who insures a = hearing=20 for the gods, his fathers,
Creator of the gods, his = fathers,
Who=20 roots out the enemies, destroys their progeny;
Who frustrates = their=20 doings, leaving nothing of them.
May his name be evoked and = spoken in=20 the land! (50)

Shazu, fifthly, they shall praise as Zahrim, the lold of the=20 living,
Who destroys all adversaries, all the disobedient; = pursues the=20 evil;
Who all the fugitive gods brought home to their = shrines.
May=20 this his name endure!
To Shazu, moreover, they shall, sixthly, = render=20 all honor as Zahgurim,
Who all the foes destroyed as though in=20 battle.
Enbilulu, the lord who makes them flourish, is = he;
The=20 mighty one who named them, who instituted roast-offerings ;
Who = ever=20 regulates for the land the grazing and watering places;
Who = opened the=20 wells, apportioning waters of abundance. (60)

Enbilulu, secondly, they shall glorify as Epadun,
The lord = who=20 sprinkles the field,
Irrigator of heaven and earth, who = establishes=20 seed-rows,
Who forms fine plow land in the steppe,
Dam and = ditch=20 regulates, who delimits the furrow;
Enbilulu, thirdly, they = shall=20 praise as Enbilulugugal,
The irrigator of the plantations of = the=20 gods;
Lord of abundance, opulence, and of ample crops,
Who = provides=20 wealth, enriches all dwellings,
Who furnishes millet, causes = barley to=20 appear.
Enbilulu is Hegal, who heaps up abundance for the = people's=20 consumption;
Who causes rich rains over the wide earth, = provides=20 vegetation.
Sirsir, who heaped up a mountain over her, Tiamat, = (70)

Who the corpse of Tiamat carried off with his weapon;
Who = directs=20 the land--their faithful shepherd;
Whose hair is a grain field, = his=20 horned cap furrows;
Who the wide-spreading Sea vaults in his=20 wrath,
Crossing her like a bridge at the place of single=20 combat.
Sirsir, secondly, they named Malah--and so = forth--
Tiamat is=20 his vessel and he the rider.
Gil, who stores up grain = heaps--massive=20 mounds--
Who brings forth barley and millet, furnishes the seed = of the=20 land.
Gilma, who makes lasting the lofty abode of the gods, = Creator of=20 security, (80)

The hoop that holds the barrel together, who presents good=20 things.
Agilma, the exalted one, who tears off the crown from = the wrong=20 position,
Who creates the clouds above the waters, makes = enduring=20 aloft.
Zulum, who designates the fields for the gods, allots = the=20 creation,
Who grants portions and food-offerings, tends the=20 shrines.
Mummu, Creator of heaven and earth, who directs. . . = .
The=20 god who sanctifies heaven and earth is, secondly, = Zulummar,
Whom no=20 other among the gods can match in strength.
Gishnumunab, = Creator of all=20 people, who made the world regions,
Destroyer of the gods of = Tiamat;=20 who made men out of their substance. (90)

Lugalabdubur, the king who frustrated the work of Tiamat,rooted = out her=20 weapons;
Whose foundation is firm in front and in the=20 rear.
Pagalguenna, the foremost of all the lords, whose = strength is=20 outstanding;
Who is pre-eminent in the royal abode, most = exalted of the=20 gods.
Lugaldurmah, the King of the band of the gods, lord of=20 rulers,
Who is pre-eminent in the abode of the gods, most = exalted of=20 the gods.
Aranunna, counselor of Ea, creator of the gods, his=20 fathers,
Whose princely ways no god whatever can = equal.
Dumuduku,=20 whose pure dwelling is renewed in Duku;
Dumuduku, without whom=20 Lugalkuduga makes no decision. (100)

Lugallanna, the king whose strength is outstanding among the=20 gods,
The lord, strength of Anu, who became supreme at the call = of=20 Anshar.
Lugalugga, who carried off all of them amidst the=20 struggle,
Who all wisdom encompasses, broad in = perception.
Irkingu,=20 who carried off Kingu in the thick of the battle,
Who conveys = guidance=20 for all, establishes rulership.
Kinma, who directs all the = gods, the=20 giver of counsel,
At whose name the gods quake in fear, as at = the=20 storm.
Esizkur shall sit aloft in the house of prayer;
May = the gods=20 bring their presents before him, (110)

That from him they may receive their assignments;
None can = without=20 him create artful works.
Four black-headed ones are among his=20 creatures;
Aside from him no god knows the answer as to their=20 days.
Gibil, who maintains the sharp point of the = weapon,
Who=20 creates artful works in the battle with Tiamat;
Who has broad = wisdom,=20 is accomplished in insight,
Whose mind is so vast that the = gods, all of=20 them, cannot fathom it.
Addu be his name, the whole sky may he=20 cover.
May his beneficent roar ever hover over the earth; = (120)

May he, as Mummu, diminish the clouds;
Below, may he furnish = sustenance for the people
Asharu, who, as is his name, guided = the gods=20 of destiny;
All of the people are truly in his = charge.
Nebiru shall=20 hold the crossings of heaven and earth,
So that the gods cannot = cross=20 above and below, they must wait upon him.
Nebiru is the star = which in=20 the skies is brilliant.
May he hold the Beginning and the = Future, may=20 they pay homage unto him,
Saying: "He who forced his way = through the=20 midst of Tiamat without resting,
Let Nebiru be his name, who = controls=20 its midst. (130)

May they uphold the course of the stars of heaven;
May he = shepherd=20 all the gods like sheep.
May he vanquish Tiamat; may her life = be strait=20 and short!
Into the future of mankind, when days have grown = old,
May=20 she recede without cease and stay away forever.
Because he = created the=20 spaces and fashioned the firm ground,
Father Enlil called his = name=20 "Lord Of The Lands."=92
When all the names which the Igigi=20 proclaimed,
Ea had heard, his spirit rejoiced, Thus:
"He = whose names=20 his fathers have glorified,
He is indeed even as I; his name = shall be=20 Ea. (140)

All my combined rites he shall administer;
All my = instructions he=20 shall carry out!"
With the title "Fifty" the great = gods
Proclaimed=20 him whose names are fifty and made his way supreme.

Epilog

Let them be kept in mind and let the leader explain = them.
Let the=20 wise and the knowing discuss them together.
Let the father = recite them=20 and impart to his son.
Let the ears of shepherd and herdsman be = opened.
Let him rejoice in Marduk, the Enlil of the = gods,
That his=20 land may be fertile and that he may prosper. (150)

Firm in his order, his command unalterable,
The utterance of = his=20 mouth no god shall change.
When he looks he does not turn away = his=20 neck;
When he is angry, no god can withstand his wrath.
His = heart is=20 unfathomable, his purpose is broad,
Sinner and transgressor may = come=20 before him.
He wrote down and thereby preserved it for the=20 future.
The dwelling of Marduk which the gods, the Igigi, had=20 made,
. . . let them speak. (160)

. . . the song of Marduk,
Who vanquished Tiamat and achieved = the=20 kingship.

-Dennis Bratcher, Copyright =A9 = 2006,=20 Dennis Bratcher, All Rights Reserved
See Copyright = and User=20 Information Notice

Related pages

Old = Testament

Baal Worship=20 in the Old Testament
Speaking the = Language of=20 Canaan
Cultural = Context=20 of Israel
God and=20 Boundaries
Sons of=20 God and Giants

Top of=20 page

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Send mail to the=20 site director with questions or comments about this web = site.

Copyright =A9 2006,=20 CRI / Voice, Institute
Last modified: July=20 13, 2006

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